You have a business idea and are considering starting a business. You are contemplating the decision to start up in business to be more independent and obtain the full financial reward for your efforts. Your greatest concern is the possibility of business failure.
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Initial considerations when starting a business
In order to make your business a success there are a number of key factors which should be considered:
- Commitment – starting a business is demanding. Determination and enthusiasm are essential
- Skills – you will need managerial, financial, technical and marketing skills. If you do not have these skills personally, they can be found in a partner or employee, or acquired through training
- Your product or service should have a proven or tested market, but must not conflict with the patent or rights of an existing business.
In addition to these general considerations there are a number of more specific matters.
Starting a business – The business plan
The business plan is the key to success. If you need finance, no bank manager will lend money without a feasible and well structured plan.
Your plan should provide a thorough examination of the way in which the organisation/business will commence and develop. It should describe the business, product or service, market, mode of operation, capital requirements and projected financial results.
Starting a business – Business structure
There are three common types of business structure:
Sole trader
This is the simplest form of business since it can be established without legal formality. However, the business of a sole trader is not distinguished from the proprietor’s personal affairs.
Partnership
A partnership is similar in nature to a sole trader but because more people are involved it is advisable to draw up a written agreement and for all partners to be aware of the terms of the partnership. Again the business and personal affairs of the partners are not legally separate. A further possibility is to use what is known as a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP).
Company
The business affairs are separate from the personal affairs of the owners, but there are legal regulations to comply with.
The appropriate structure will depend on a number of factors, including consideration of taxation implications, the legal entity, ownership and liability.
Business stationery
There are minimum requirements for the contents of business stationery, both paper and electronic, which will depend on the type of business structure.
Books and records
All businesses need to keep records. They can be maintained by hand or may be computerised but should contain details of payments, receipts, credit purchases and sales, assets and liabilities. If you are considering purchasing computer software to maintain your records, obtain professional advice.
Accounts
The books and records are used to produce the accounts. If the records are well kept it will be easier to put together the accounts. Accounts must be prepared for HMRC and if a company is formed there are strict legal requirements as to their layout. The accounts and company tax return must be submitted electronically to HMRC in a specific format (iXBRL).
A company and a LLP may need to have an audit and will need to make the accounts publicly available by filing them at Companies House within a strict time limit.
Taxation
When starting in business, taxation aspects must be considered.
Taxation on profits
The type and rate of taxation will depend on the form of business structure. However, the taxable profit will normally differ from the profit shown in the accounts due to certain expenses which are not allowed for tax purposes and the timing of some tax allowances.
National Insurance (NI)
The rates of NI contributions are generally lower for a sole trader or partnership than for a director of a company but the entitlements can also differ. In a company, it may be possible to avoid NI by paying dividends rather than salary.
Value Added Tax (VAT)
Correctly accounting for VAT is an essential part of any business and neglect may result in a significant loss.
When starting a business you should consider the need to register for VAT. If the value of your taxable sales or services exceeds the registration limit you will be obliged to register. If you are submitting VAT returns you will also need to consider appropriate software to ensure that you comply with the Making Tax Digital requirements.
Employing others
For the business to get off the ground or to enable expansion, it may be necessary to employ staff.
It is the employer’s responsibility to advise HMRC of the wages due to employees and to deduct income tax and national insurance and to account for student loan deductions under PAYE. The deductions must then be paid over to HMRC. Payroll records should be carefully maintained.
Under Real Time Information an employer must advise HMRC of wages and deductions ‘on or before’ the time they are paid over to the employee.
Employers are also required to automatically enrol all eligible employees in a pension scheme and to make contributions to that scheme on their behalf. Enrolment may be either into an occupational pension scheme or the National Employment Savings Trust (NEST).
You will also need to be familiar with employment law.
Premises
There are many pitfalls to be avoided in choosing a property. Consideration should be given to the following:
- Suitability for the purpose
- Compliance with legal regulations
- Local legislation
- Physical restrictions such as access.
Insurance
Comprehensive insurance for business motor vehicles and employer’s liability insurance are a legal requirement. Other types of insurance such as public liability, consequential loss, business assets, Keyman and bad debts should be considered.
Pensions
Putting money into a pension scheme can be a way of saving for retirement because of the favourable tax rules.
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